English Language FAQ

Punctuation, as any dictionary will tell you, consists of the marks that dance around the letters of a text to mark clauses, sentences and inflection. [1]  What, though, is  minimal punctuation? Is it in the range of marks that a writer uses? Ernest Hemingway wrote famously minimalist prose, for instance, where marks such as the semicolon (;), the ellipsis (…) and the dash (–) are notable mostly for their absence.  The Old Man and the Sea contains but one colon and one exclamation mark, and is none the worse for it. [2] From the Shady Characters blog, Full post here

Used to mean indisputable evidence 'smoking gun' was first used in the  Sherlock Holmes  story,  The Gloria Scott  (1893).  We rushed into the captain's cabin . . . there he lay with his brains smeared over the chart of the Atlantic . . . while the chaplain stood with a smoking pistol in his hand. William Safire the identifies the first contemporary use as during the Watergate scandal in 1974. The phrase was then heavily used in the controversy regarding nuclear weapons in Iraq. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes  (Kindle Edition $0.89) The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes English Language 100 FAQ Teaching Pack     -  only £1.99 using discount code  CQDWKF0

Hedge funds are companies which pool capital from wealthy clients with a view to maximising return. They invest in all asset classes - bonds, equities etc - and  because of the scale of their investments can profit from small price movements. The largest hedge funds are also 'market makers' - their investment decisions influence others. The verb "to hedge" means to "insure oneself against loss but some successful hedge fund managers have been very aggressive in their investment strategies. The  credit-default swaps  market (famously described by Warren Buffett as 'weapons of mass financial destruction') is an example of this. In general English 'hedging your bets' is to approach an uncertain situation by taking action to cover a variety of outcomes. When a bookmaker receives a large bet on a particular result, he will generally 'lay off' the bet with another bookmaker. This mean by betting a smaller amount on the opposite outcome.

The gold standard is when the value of a currency is directly linked to the amount of physical gold held by a country. Britain had the gold standard until 1931 and the USA only abandoned it in 1971. They did this in the belief that the gold/currency link was too inflexible. Some have argued that the gold/currency link was a key element in the Great Depression, forcing economic austerity in contracting economies. So the gold standard is a recipe for trouble? Life without the gold standard is also not without major problems. The US dollar, for example, has declined in value and many libertarians (most notably former Presidential candidate, Ron Paul) have argued that restoration is essential to restore economic prosperity. Some also argue that the gold standard is the only guarantor against long-term financial catastrophe.  Freed from restraint, governments can choose 'quick fixes' like quantative easing in difficult economic circumstances - only to create hyper-inflati

There are no formal rules for writing SMS/texts. There are, however, some conventions.  Texts (SMS) often use short sentences break grammar & spelling rules contain neologisms use short forms including acroynms & abbreviations Are ‘text words’ easy to understand? SMS short-forms are usually easy to recognise. Most take the first letter of a word or each word in a phrase e.g OMG Some are already in general English (e.g. ASAP for ‘as soon as possible’.). Others follow the same rule AAMOF for "as a matter of fact" IMHO for "in my humble opinion," or PLMK for please let me know. Which short-forms are most confusing? Neologisms from common words or phrases. These are usually based on the sound e.g. B4 (before), NE (any). Some are invented e.g  W? (why). Some confusing short-forms AIGHT: Alright * GB: Goodbye * GL: Good luck * HV: Have * K or KK: Okay * M8: Mate * O\VA: Over * PEEPS/PPL: People * PLS: Please * PZ: Peace

The new silicon? Graphene has been called a "miracle material" and it is thought that it could become as common as plastic in a few years. It is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged like honeycomb, but it is stronger than diamond, more conductive than copper and more flexible than rubber. Some scientists believe that graphene will be the key element in driving product innovation in the near future. Posted with Blogsy